Classification of Matter

A. STATE OF MATTER

A sample of matter can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid. These three forms of matter are called the states of matter. The states of matter differ in some of their simple observable properties. A gas (also known as vapor) has no fixed volume or shape; rather, it conforms to the volume and shape of its container. A gas can be compressed to occupy a smaller volume, or it can expand to occupy a larger one. A liqiud has a distinct volume independent of its container but has no specific shape: It assumes the shape of the portion of the container that it occupies. A solid has both a definite shape and a definite volume: It is rigid. Neither liquids nor solids can be compressed to any appreciable extent.

                            

B. PURE SUBSTANCE

Atom  is the smallest unit of matter consisting of a nucleus, which contains protons (payload +) and neutrons (neutral), and skin that contain negative charges, namely electrons. Some say that the atom is an element constituent particles.

Both of these issues in all right. What is certain is that the atom:

• got protons, neutrons, electrons, (except H (Hydrogen), which has no neutrons) 
• has certain characteristics, namely the number of protons and electrons have the same (if unequal called ions) 
• atom which has the same characteristics called elements.

Atoms consist of three basic particles, namely:

a)    Proton: positively charged particles (+1), its diameter is only 1/3 the diameter of the electron, but it has a mass about 1840 times the mass of the electron

b)   Electron: a negatively charged particle (-1), have the lightest mass is only 1/1840 times the mass of the proton or neutron

c)    Neutrons: uncharged particles (neutral), has a mass roughly equal to the combined mass of the proton and electron

Atom is the smallest unit of an element, that means atoms make up an element. That means, an element is pure, consisting of only one type of atom. For example, Hydrogen contains only Hydrogen atoms.

Elements  is a substance made from only one type of atom. For example, Oxygen is an element made up of only oxygen atoms. To understand this better, let us see the how atoms behave. Every element is made up of atoms. Atoms are the smallest piece that can exist in an element. You will need to put millions of atoms together to get an element of about half millimeter in size. An atom is made up of ‘Electrons, Protons and Neutrons’.  The diagram on your left is an illustration of an atom. The center part is the nucleus. Atoms in some elements do not join up with other atoms of the same element. An example is Helium. Helium atoms exist alone and can look like this: 

Type element:

Divided into metals and non-metal elements,

1.       Element Metal

Metal is the element that has the shiny properties and generally conduct electricity and a good conductor of heat. Metal elements are generally solid at normal temperature and pressure, except for mercury in liquid form. In general, malleable metallic element that can be formed into other objects. Some metal elements of which are iron, gold, silver, platinum, and copper.

2.       Non Metallic Elements

The non-metallic element is an element that does not have metal-like properties. In general, non-metallic elements are gaseous and solid at the temperature and pressure of a non-metal normal.Contoh gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, and helium. Examples of non-metals that are solid are sulfur, carbon, phosphorus, and iodine. The non-metallic element that is a liquid is bromine.

3.       Elements Semi Metal

In addition to metal and nonmetal elements there are also elements semi metal or known as metalloid. Metalloid is an element that has the properties of metals and non-metals. Semi-metallic element is usually semi-conductors. Materials that are semi-conductors can not conduct electricity well at low temperatures, but the nature of the electrical conductivity becomes better when the temperature is higher. In general, the elements found in nature is not a free element, but joined with other elements or elements of similar shape in the form of ore or mineral compounds.

Different elements combine to make a compound. That means, hydrogen can combine with oxygen to create a compound called 'Water'. A compound is 'impure', that means it contains more than one type of atom.

_{Water compound}

               

Compounds are two or more than two elements come together in specific amounts and form new matter that we call compound. Properties of compounds are totally different from elements comprising it. We show compounds with formulas like water H₂O. Ions or molecules can produce compounds.  Examples :

Properties of Compounds:

• All compounds are pure substances
• Smallest particle of compound is molecule including different types of atoms.

When a group of atoms combine, they create a molecule. Molecule is a combination of a few atoms of the element, it can be two or more. This means that when speaking molecule is then envisaged a combined atom (instead of 1 atom). Molecule is the smallest particle of an element / compound

• If an aggregate of atoms of the same type as it is called Molecular Elements, for example: O2, H2, O3, S8 
• If an aggregate of atoms of different elements kind then called Molecule Compounds, for example: H2O, CO2, C2H5

Mixture is different two or more than two types of matter (element, molecule, compound) are mixed to get mixture. All matters forming mixture keep their original properties. They are not pure matters. We can explain mixtures under two titles, homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures.

• Homogeneous Mixtures: All parts of mixture show same properties in homogeneous mixtures. We can call homogeneous mixtures as solutions. Coke, sea water, natural gas, Salt water, sugar water, air are examples of homogeneous mixtures.
• Heterogeneous Mixtures: Mixtures do not show same uniformity in all parts of it. In this types of mixtures, you can see different phases of matters. Water+Sand, milk, blood, soil are some common examples of heterogeneous mixtures.

1. Emulsion: Heterogeneous mixture including two different liquids. For example, oil-water, gasoline-water are emulsion examples.
2. Suspension: Heterogeneous mixture produced by one solid and one liquid matter.Sand-water, naphthalene-water are examples of suspension.
3. Colloids: are heterogeneous mixture type. Solute matters are homogeneously distributed in  solvent however; we can see particles of solute with naked eye or microscope in colloids but, in solutions we can not see particles with microscope. Thus; colloids are assumed to be heterogeneous mixture.

Differences between Compounds and Mixtures :

1. Ratio between matters forming compound is constant but ratio between matters forming mixture is variable.
2. Matters forming compounds loose their properties but matters forming mixtures preserve their properties.
3. We can decompose compounds with chemical methods but decompose mixtures with physical methods.